Smelling salts have recently undergone a resurgence of interest by athletes as a pre‐game stimulant, and it appears that little is known about them.

NFL aclara prohibición sobre sales aromáticas y amoniaco
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Pro athlete has hilarious reaction to smelling salts: Why do athletes use them?

Svetozar Pavlović
Grew up in ex-Yugoslavia and developed early a love for sports. Played tennis and water polo before discovering rowing. Still competes as a club rower. Worked as a journalist at the Olympic Channel, DAZN, TVE, and Diario AS English team. Great interest in US professional sports and enjoy writing about the impact of sports on society.
Update:

There is a surprisingly long history of the use of such agents. The term Hammoniacus sal appears in the writings of Pliny. However, it is not known whether the term is identical to the more modern sal ammoniac, which was known to the alchemists as early as the 13th century. Chaucer also noted the existence of sal ammoniac alongside many other materia medica. This spirit was mainly used by textile dyers in the Middle Ages as fermented urine to alter the color of vegetable dyes.

In the 17th century, an aqueous ammonia solution (also called Aquila coelestis) was obtained from distilling shavings of harts’ horns and hooves. When crystallized, this chemical turned out to be ammonium carbonate and was initially called the salt (or spirit) of hartshorn and later became known as smelling salt when mixed with perfumes. It is also known as “baker’s ammonia” and was a forerunner to the more modern leavening agents such as baking soda and baking powder.

By definition, they are any preparations of ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3H2O) and perfume, sniffed as a restorative or stimulant. Traditionally, they were inhaled as a stimulant to relieve faintness or swooning. Smelling salts may also dilute ammonia dissolved in water and ethanol. Most forms of “smelling salts” available online are this latter mixture, and these mixtures should be more correctly termed “aromatic spirits of ammonia.”

Effects and use

Smelling salts stimulate consciousness because the release of ammonia (NH3) gas that escorts their use upsets the membranes of the nose and lungs and thereby initiates an inhalation reflex. This reflex modifies the breathing pattern, improving respiratory flow rates and conceivably alertness.

More recently, athletes use smelling salts believing that their use will keep them more alert. Smelling salts is particularly popular among football and hockey players who think this reflex will counteract the effects of concussion.

San Francisco 49ers TE George Kittle, who uses smelling salts to give him a boost of energy, was unhappy when the NFL temporarily banned smelling salts, but later changed the ruling. “I considered retirement,” Kittle said when he heard about the ban.. “We have got to figure out a middle ground here, guys. Somebody help me out. Somebody come up with a good idea. That’s all I had to get out there. Get that off my chest.”

The NFL and other sports associations look out for the wellbeing of their players and all professional sports are now concerned with the high number of concussions, especially in sports like football, ice hockey and even soccer.

The NFL memo Kittle mentions was based on information from the FDA and the league was concerned smelling salts may mask concussions and prevent medical staff from properly detectin the.

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“The FDA noted potential negative effects from AI use. AIs also have the potential to mask certain neurological signs and symptoms, including some potential signs of concussion,” the memo said. “As a result, the NFL Head, Neck and Spine Committee recommended prohibiting the use of AIs for any purpose during NFL play.”

The ban has since been lifted.

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